Understanding Diabetes and Its Complications: A Global Health Challenge

Understanding Diabetes and Its Complications: A Global Health Challenge

By PharmaservePK Team | December 31, 2025

Diabetes is a chronic condition that occurs when the body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels, either due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin. Over time, high blood sugar can damage blood vessels, nerves, and organs, leading to serious health issues.

According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas 11th Edition (2025), an estimated 589 million adults aged 20–79 years worldwide are living with diabetes in 2024. This represents about 1 in 9 adults (11.1% prevalence). Alarmingly, over 252 million of these cases—more than 4 in 10—are undiagnosed, heightening the risk of complications. The number is projected to rise to 853 million by 2050.

Diabetes was responsible for approximately 3.4 million deaths in 2024, highlighting its severe impact on global health.

Acute vs. Chronic Complications

Diabetes complications fall into two categories: acute (sudden and potentially life-threatening) and chronic (developing gradually over years).

Acute Complications

These emergencies require immediate care:

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): Often triggered by medication, skipped meals, or excessive exercise.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): More common in type 1 diabetes, involving dangerous ketone buildup.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS): Severe dehydration from very high blood sugar, typically in type 2 diabetes.

Chronic Complications

Prolonged high blood sugar damages large and small blood vessels, leading to:

Macrovascular Complications (affecting large blood vessels):

Cardiovascular disease: Including heart attacks and strokes. Diabetes significantly elevates the risk of heart disease (2–4 times higher than in people without diabetes).

Microvascular Complications (affecting small blood vessels):

Diabetic Retinopathy: 

Damage to retinal blood vessels, a leading cause of blindness in working-age adults.

Diabetic Nephropathy: 

Progressive kidney damage, a major cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide.

Diabetic Neuropathy: 

Nerve damage causing pain, tingling, numbness, or loss of sensation, particularly in the feet and hands.

Foot Complications: Neuropathy combined with poor circulation often results in ulcers, infections, and, in severe cases, lower-limb amputations.

Other common issues include skin conditions, periodontal (gum) disease, and sexual dysfunction.

Prevention and Management: Empowering Better Outcomes

Many diabetes complications are preventable or delayable with effective management:

Maintain tight blood sugar control (e.g., target HbA1c below 7%, as advised by your doctor).

Manage blood pressure (aim for below 140/90 mmHg) and cholesterol levels.

Adopt a healthy lifestyle: Balanced diet rich in whole foods, regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week), healthy weight maintenance, and avoiding tobacco use.

Attend regular screenings for eyes, kidneys, and feet.

Use prescribed medications effectively, including newer classes like SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists that provide additional protection for the heart and kidneys.

Early detection through routine screening is vital, especially given the high rate of undiagnosed cases globally.

Diabetes is a manageable condition. With awareness, proactive care, and support from healthcare providers, individuals can significantly reduce risks and lead fulfilling, healthy lives.

PharmaservePK is committed to sharing evidence-based pharmaceutical and health information to promote wellness worldwide.

Sources: IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th Edition (2025), World Health Organization (WHO), and peer-reviewed medical studies. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes

Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes: A Comprehensive Guide

By Naeem Mustafa, Pharmacist

Pharmaservepk

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, affecting millions of people across all age groups. As a pharmacist, I frequently counsel patients who present with early symptoms or have recently been diagnosed. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of diabetes early can lead to timely diagnosis, effective management, and prevention of serious complications.

Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes

This article provides a detailed overview of the signs and symptoms of diabetes, including differences between types, less common presentations, and important considerations for patients and healthcare professionals.

Understanding Diabetes

Diabetes occurs when the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production, ineffective use of insulin, or both. The main types are:

Type 1 Diabetes: 

An autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Usually diagnosed in children and young adults.

Type 2 Diabetes: 

The most common form (90–95% of cases), characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Often associated with lifestyle factors and obesity.

Gestational Diabetes: 

Develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery, but increases future risk of Type 2 diabetes.

Other Types: Includes monogenic diabetes, secondary diabetes (e.g., due to pancreatitis or certain medications), and LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults).

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes can damage blood vessels, nerves, eyes, kidneys, and the heart if left uncontrolled.

Classic Signs and Symptoms (The "Three Polys" and More)

The hallmark symptoms of undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes are often referred to as the three polys:

Polyuria (Frequent Urination)

High blood glucose exceeds the renal threshold (approximately 180 mg/dL), causing glucose to spill into the urine. This draws water out osmotically, leading to increased urine volume. Patients may notice urinating more frequently, especially at night (nocturia), which disrupts sleep.

Polydipsia (Increased Thirst)

Excessive fluid loss through urine triggers thirst mechanisms in the brain. Patients often feel persistently thirsty and drink large amounts of water, yet still feel dehydrated.

Polyphagia (Increased Hunger)

Despite eating normally or more than usual, cells cannot utilize glucose effectively due to lack of insulin action. The body perceives this as starvation, stimulating appetite.

Additional Common Symptoms

Unexplained Weight Loss

Particularly prominent in Type 1 diabetes. The body breaks down fat and muscle for energy when glucose cannot enter cells, leading to rapid weight loss despite increased food intake.

Fatigue and Weakness

Cells are starved of glucose, their primary energy source, resulting in persistent tiredness, lethargy, and reduced physical stamina.

Blurred Vision

High blood glucose causes fluid shifts in the lens of the eye, altering its shape and affecting focus. Vision usually improves once blood sugar is controlled, but prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic retinopathy.

Slow Healing of Wounds

Elevated glucose impairs white blood cell function and reduces blood flow, delaying wound healing and increasing infection risk.

Recurrent Infections

Common sites include urinary tract infections, yeast infections (candidiasis, especially vaginal in women), skin infections, and gum infections. Glucose-rich urine and impaired immunity create a favorable environment for pathogens.

Tingling, Numbness, or Burning in Hands and Feet

Early sign of peripheral neuropathy caused by nerve damage from prolonged high glucose levels.

Dry Skin and Itching

Dehydration and poor circulation contribute to dry, itchy skin, sometimes leading to cracks and secondary infections.

Symptoms Specific to Type of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

Symptoms typically develop rapidly over weeks or months and are often severe:

Sudden onset of the classic symptoms

Weight loss is prominent

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain

Fruity odor on breath (due to ketones)

Rapid breathing, confusion, or loss of consciousness in severe cases (diabetic ketoacidosis – DKA – a medical emergency)

Type 2 Diabetes

Symptoms develop gradually over years and may be subtle or absent:

Mild versions of the classic symptoms

Fatigue and blurred vision are common presenting complaints

Acanthosis nigricans: Velvety, dark patches of skin, usually on the neck, armpits, or groin – a marker of insulin resistance

Erectile dysfunction in men

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) symptoms in women Many patients are diagnosed during routine blood tests rather than symptomatic presentation.

Gestational Diabetes

Most women have no obvious symptoms. Diagnosis is made through routine glucose screening between 24–28 weeks of pregnancy. Rarely, mild polyuria or polydipsia may occur but are difficult to distinguish from normal pregnancy changes.

Less Commonly Recognized Symptoms

Irritability or mood changes

Headaches

Difficulty concentrating

Gum disease or frequent mouth ulcers

Balanitis (inflammation of the foreskin) in uncircumcised men

Increased susceptibility to boils or styes

When to Seek Medical Attention

Consult a doctor immediately if you experience:

Multiple classic symptoms together

Unexplained weight loss with increased appetite

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, confusion)

Persistent blurred vision or recurrent infections

Routine screening is recommended for:

Adults over 45 years

Overweight individuals with additional risk factors (family history, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, dyslipidemia, history of gestational diabetes, PCOS)

Children with obesity and family history

Role of the Pharmacist

As pharmacists, we play a vital role in:

Identifying at-risk patients during medication counseling

Educating patients about symptoms and the importance of screening

Supporting diabetes management through medication adherence counseling, blood glucose monitoring guidance, and lifestyle advice

Referring symptomatic patients for medical evaluation

Early detection and proper management can significantly reduce the risk of complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, blindness, and amputations.

Final Note: If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, please consult your physician for proper testing (fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, or oral glucose tolerance test). Diabetes is manageable, and with early intervention, individuals can lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

Naeem Mustafa

Pharmacist

Pharmaservepk

EvA Modern, Convenient, and Patient-Friendly Solution for Diabetes Management

EvoCheck Premium Linx CGM: A Modern, Convenient, and Patient-Friendly Solution for Diabetes Management

In today's fast-paced world, managing diabetes effectively requires tools that are not only accurate but also seamless to integrate into daily life. The EvoCheck Premium Linx Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) System, brought to you by PharmEvo Pharmaceuticals in Pakistan, stands out as a cutting-edge device designed with patient comfort and convenience at its core. This affordable and accessible CGM is revolutionizing how individuals monitor their blood glucose levels, eliminating the need for painful finger pricks while providing real-time insights.

EvoCheck Premium Linx CGM: A Modern, Convenient, and Patient-Friendly Solution for Diabetes Management

What is the EvoCheck Premium Linx CGM?

The EvoCheck Premium Linx is a compact, lightweight continuous glucose monitoring system that tracks glucose levels in real-time without invasive traditional methods. It uses advanced sensor technology to measure interstitial glucose, delivering data directly to a compatible smartphone app via Bluetooth. This rebranded version of the innovative Linx CGM (based on MicroTech Medical's technology) offers reliable performance tailored for everyday use.

Key highlights include:

No finger pricks required: Say goodbye to routine blood samples.

Real-time monitoring: Glucose readings updated every minute for immediate awareness.

Long-lasting sensor:

Each sensor provides up to 14-15 days of continuous wear.

Compact and discreet design: Lightweight and small, making it barely noticeable during daily activities.

Water-resistant (IP68): Suitable for showers, swimming, and exercise.

Why It's Modern and Convenient

The EvoCheck Premium Linx embodies modernity through its user-centric features:

Easy one-click application: The all-in-one applicator allows for quick, painless sensor placement on the arm or abdomen.

Bluetooth connectivity: Seamlessly pairs with the Linx app on iOS and Android for instant data viewing, trends, and customizable alerts for high or low glucose levels.

Data sharing: Patients can share readings with family, caregivers, or healthcare providers for better support.

In Pakistan, where access to advanced diabetes tools can be limited, the EvoCheck Premium Linx, distributed by PharmEvo, emphasizes affordability without compromising quality. It's particularly beneficial for those facing challenges with costlier alternatives like Abbott's FreeStyle Libre or Dexcom, making advanced CGM technology more reachable.

Pricing and Availability

As of late 2025, the EvoCheck Premium Linx CGM sensor is priced at approximately PKR 15,000 per sensor (for 14-15 days of use) in Pakistan. Prices may vary slightly depending on the retailer or promotions. It is available through PharmEvo's official platform at mypharmevo.pk, as well as other online pharmacies like Gileaz and select medical suppliers.

For the latest pricing and stock availability, visit mypharmevo.pk or consult local pharmacies.

Patient-Friendly Design for Better Control

What truly sets this CGM apart is its focus on patient experience:

Comfort and discretion: The small size ensures it doesn't interfere with clothing or activities.

Actionable insights: The app provides detailed reports, including trends and patterns influenced by diet, exercise, and lifestyle—empowering users to make informed decisions.

High accuracy: With a MARD (Mean Absolute Relative Difference) of around 8.66%, it delivers reliable readings.

Suitable for diverse users: Ideal for type 1 or type 2 diabetes patients, as well as fitness enthusiasts tracking metabolic responses.

By offering reliable accuracy and real-time feedback, the EvoCheck Premium Linx promotes smarter living and better glucose control, reducing the risk of complications and enhancing quality of life.62b8a5

How to apply the Linx CGM (read the blog in the description) - YouTube

The EvoCheck Premium Linx CGM from PharmEvo is more than just a device—it's a modern, convenient, and truly patient-friendly solution that puts control back in the hands of users. Whether you're managing diabetes or prioritizing metabolic health, this CGM delivers the insights needed for confident, proactive care. As diabetes management evolves in Pakistan, tools like the EvoCheck Premium Linx are leading the way toward a healthier, more empowered future.

For availability, current pricing, and details in your region, visit mypharmevo.pk or consult local pharmacies and healthcare providers specializing in diabetes care. Always consult a doctor before starting any new monitoring system.

Understanding COPD: A Comprehensive Guide for Better Lung Health

Understanding COPD: A Comprehensive Guide for Better Lung Health

By Naeem Mustafa

PharmaServePK Blog

December 25, 2025

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition that makes breathing increasingly difficult over time. It affects millions worldwide and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. In Pakistan, where air pollution, smoking, and indoor biomass fuel exposure are significant concerns, COPD poses a particular challenge to public health.

Understanding COPD

What is COPD?

COPD is an umbrella term for lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. It primarily includes:

Emphysema: Damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, reducing oxygen exchange.

Chronic Bronchitis: Long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to mucus production and coughing.

According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2025 report, COPD is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities, usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of COPD is prolonged exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways. Key risk factors include:

Tobacco Smoking: The leading cause globally, responsible for most cases.

Air Pollution: Outdoor pollution and indoor smoke from biomass fuels (common in rural Pakistan).

Occupational Exposure: Dust, chemicals, and fumes in workplaces like textile mills or mining.

Genetics: Rare conditions like alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Infections and Age: Repeated respiratory infections and aging increase vulnerability.

In Pakistan, studies indicate a prevalence of around 2.1% in adults over 40 years, though underdiagnosis is common due to limited access to spirometry testing.

Symptoms of COPD

Symptoms often develop slowly and worsen over time:

Persistent cough with mucus (sputum)

Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity

Wheezing and chest tightness

Frequent respiratory infections

Fatigue and unintended weight loss in advanced stages

Early symptoms are often dismissed as "smoker's cough" or aging, delaying diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves:

Medical history and symptom assessment

Spirometry: A lung function test measuring airflow. The GOLD 2025 guidelines emphasize pre-bronchodilator spirometry, where a FEV1/FVC ratio ≥ 0.7 can rule out COPD in most cases, with post-bronchodilator confirmation of < 0.7 for diagnosis.

Imaging: Chest X-rays or CT scans to rule out other conditions

Blood tests: To check for eosinophil levels or genetic factors

Early diagnosis is crucial for better management.

Treatment and Management

While COPD is not curable, treatments can significantly improve quality of life, slow progression, and reduce exacerbations (flare-ups).

Pharmacological Options

Bronchodilators: The cornerstone of treatment. Inhaled medications relax airway muscles.

Short-acting (e.g., albuterol) for quick relief.

Long-acting (LABA or LAMA) for maintenance.

Dual Therapy: LABA + LAMA combinations are recommended as initial treatment for most patients (GOLD 2025).

Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS): Added for patients with frequent exacerbations and high blood eosinophils (triple therapy: LABA/LAMA/ICS).

Other: PDE4 inhibitors (e.g., roflumilast) for severe cases; new options like ensifentrine (dual PDE3/PDE4 inhibitor) and biologics for specific phenotypes with chronic bronchitis and high eosinophils.

Proper inhaler technique is essential for effective delivery of medication.

Non-Pharmacological Approaches

Smoking Cessation: The most impactful intervention.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Exercise, education, and nutrition advice.

Oxygen Therapy: For severe cases with low blood oxygen.

Vaccinations: Annual flu shots, pneumococcal, and others as recommended.

Lifestyle Changes: Avoid pollutants, maintain a healthy diet, and stay active.

Prevention and Outlook

The best way to prevent COPD is to avoid smoking and reduce exposure to lung irritants. Quitting smoking at any stage can slow disease progression.

With proper management, many people with COPD can lead active lives. However, early detection and adherence to treatment are key.

Understanding Heart Disease

Understanding Heart Disease: A Growing Concern in Pakistan

By Naeem Mustafa

PharmaServePK Blog

December 23, 2025

Heart disease, also known as cardiovascular disease (CVD), is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a major health challenge in Pakistan. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), CVDs cause over 18 million deaths globally each year, with the majority from heart attacks and strokes. In Pakistan, ischemic heart disease tops the list of CVD-related deaths, accounting for nearly 22% of all fatalities. Prevalence among adults ranges from 17-26% in various studies.

As a pharmacy-focused platform, PharmaServePK aims to raise awareness about preventable health issues. This article covers the basics of heart disease, its types, causes, symptoms, the situation in Pakistan, and steps for prevention.

Understanding Heart Disease

What is Heart Disease?

Heart disease encompasses conditions that affect the heart's structure and function. The most common is coronary artery disease (CAD), where arteries become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).

Other types include:

Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats, such as atrial fibrillation.

Heart failure: Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively.

Valve diseases: Issues with the valves regulating blood flow.

Congenital heart defects: Structural problems present from birth.

Rheumatic heart disease: Damage often stemming from untreated rheumatic fever, which remains relevant in developing regions like Pakistan.

Causes and Risk Factors

Lifestyle and environmental factors drive most cases. Major risk factors are:

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Elevated cholesterol levels

Smoking or tobacco use

Diabetes

Obesity and lack of physical activity

Unhealthy diet rich in salt, sugar, and saturated fats

Excessive alcohol intake

Stress and air pollution

In Pakistan, these risks are widespread. Hypertension affects around 37% of adults, diabetes prevalence is high at approximately 30.8% (age-adjusted), tobacco use is common (especially among men), and obesity rates are rising. Genetic predisposition and cultural practices like consanguineous marriages may contribute to earlier onset.

Symptoms and Warning Signs

Heart disease often progresses without noticeable symptoms until a major event like a heart attack occurs. Common indicators include:

Chest pain or discomfort (angina)

Shortness of breath

Pain radiating to the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen, or back

Unusual fatigue, dizziness, or nausea

Cold sweats

Women may experience less typical symptoms, such as fatigue or nausea, rather than intense chest pain. If any of these occur, seek emergency medical attention immediately—prompt action can save lives.

Heart Disease in Pakistan

Pakistan is experiencing a rising epidemic of CVD. Deaths from cardiovascular causes nearly doubled between 1990 and 2019, with ischemic heart disease responsible for over half. The condition affects urban and rural populations alike, impacting men and women similarly, though underdiagnosis in women is common. Factors include low awareness, limited healthcare access, urbanization leading to poor dietary habits, and increasing prevalence of risk factors.

Projections indicate that low- and middle-income countries like Pakistan will bear a growing CVD burden through 2050, primarily driven by hypertension, dietary risks, and high cholesterol.

Prevention and Treatment

Up to 80% of premature heart disease cases are preventable through lifestyle modifications:

Adopt a balanced diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while reducing salt, sugar, and processed foods.

Engage in regular physical activity—at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly.

Quit smoking and moderate alcohol consumption.

Maintain a healthy body weight.

Manage stress effectively.

Schedule routine check-ups to monitor blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar.

Treatment options range from medications (such as statins, antihypertensives, and blood thinners) to procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery. Adhering to prescribed treatments is crucial for managing the condition.

At PharmaServePK, we stress the importance of medication adherence and consulting qualified pharmacists for guidance on heart health.

Heart disease is largely preventable and manageable with informed choices and timely action. In Pakistan, tackling this issue requires enhanced community education, improved healthcare infrastructure, and supportive policies. Start protecting your heart today by consulting a healthcare professional and embracing healthier habits.

Stay healthy!

Naeem Mustafa

PharmaServePK Team

The Global Obesity Epidemic in 2025

The Global Obesity Epidemic in 2025: A Persistent Crisis with Emerging Hope

As of December 2025, obesity remains one of the most pressing public health challenges worldwide. Defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health—typically a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher—obesity affects over 1 billion adults globally. Despite decades of awareness campaigns and policy efforts, rates continue to rise in most regions, though new treatments are showing early signs of impact in high-income countries like the United States.

The Global Obesity Epidemic in 2025

Current Global Statistics and Trends

The World Obesity Federation's 2025 Atlas, released in March, paints a stark picture: the number of adults living with obesity is projected to reach 1.13 billion by 2030—a 115% increase from 2010. No country is on track to meet the WHO's 2025 target of halting the rise in obesity at 2010 levels.

Recent data from The Lancet (2024) shows adult obesity prevalence at around 14% for men and 18.5% for women in 2022, with sharp rises in low- and middle-income countries. Pacific Island nations and regions like the Middle East continue to have the highest rates, often exceeding 30-60% in some populations.

In a significant development, the WHO released its first guideline on GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., semaglutide) for obesity treatment in December 2025, acknowledging their role while emphasizing that medications alone cannot solve the crisis.

Obesity in the United States: Signs of a Plateau?

The U.S. has historically led in obesity prevalence among high-income nations. CDC data from 2023-2024 pegs adult obesity at around 40.3%, with severe obesity at 9.7%. However, self-reported surveys like Gallup's 2025 National Health and Well-Being Index show a decline from a 2022 peak of 39.9% to 37.0%—representing millions fewer affected adults.

The Global Obesity Epidemic in 2025

This downturn correlates with widespread adoption of GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy, with usage rising sharply since 2021 approvals for weight loss.119fa8,cf7294

Causes: A Multifactorial Disease

Obesity is not simply a matter of personal choice but a complex chronic condition influenced by multiple factors.fd9ad9,ef3523

Key contributors include:

Environmental and societal: Ultra-processed foods, aggressive marketing, sedentary lifestyles driven by urbanization.

Biological: Genetics, hormonal imbalances (e.g., leptin resistance), gut microbiome alterations.

Behavioral: Poor diet, lack of physical activity, sleep deprivation, stress.

Health Risks and Consequences

Excess weight significantly elevates risks for numerous conditions, contributing to millions of premature deaths annually.f1a0ef,55e385

Major complications include:

Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke.

Certain cancers (e.g., breast, colon).

Musculoskeletal disorders, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease.

Mental health issues, including depression and stigma.

Visual comparison of body composition in healthy vs. obese states:

Prevention, Management, and Future Outlook

Effective strategies combine lifestyle changes (balanced diet, regular exercise), policy interventions (e.g., sugar taxes, food labeling), and medical treatments.

The rise of GLP-1 therapies marks a turning point, offering significant weight loss (often 10-20% of body weight) and cardiovascular benefits. However, challenges like high costs, side effects, and long-term adherence persist.

While global trends remain upward, the U.S. decline offers cautious optimism. Sustained progress requires multisectoral action: governments, healthcare systems, and communities working together to address root causes.

Obesity is a treatable disease, not a moral failing. With continued innovation and commitment, the trajectory can shift toward healthier futures worldwide.

Dydrogesterone

Dydrogesterone: A Comprehensive Overview of a Key Progestogen in Women's Health

By Naeem Mustafa

pharmaservepk

December 19, 2025

Dydrogesterone, commonly known by its brand name Duphaston, is a synthetic progestogen that has been a cornerstone in gynecological and obstetric care since its introduction in the 1960s. Chemically, it is a retroprogesterone—a stereoisomer of natural progesterone—with a structure that allows for effective oral administration while minimizing unwanted effects on other hormone receptors.

Dydrogesterone

Compared to natural progesterone, dydrogesterone's retro configuration enhances its selectivity for progesterone receptors, reducing androgenic, estrogenic, or glucocorticoid side effects common with older synthetic progestins.

Typical packaging of Duphaston includes 10 mg tablets in blister packs, widely used globally.

Mechanism of Action

Dydrogesterone binds selectively to progesterone receptors, mimicking natural progesterone to induce secretory changes in the endometrium. This supports implantation and maintains pregnancy in progesterone-deficient states. Unlike some progestins, it does not inhibit ovulation at standard doses and has minimal cross-reactivity with other receptors, contributing to its favorable tolerability profile.

Primary Uses

Dydrogesterone is prescribed for progesterone-related conditions:

Threatened or recurrent miscarriage: Provides luteal support to prevent early pregnancy loss.

Luteal phase support in assisted reproductive technology (ART/IVF): Oral alternative to vaginal progesterone.

Menstrual disorders: Irregular cycles, dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, and premenstrual syndrome.

Endometriosis: Reduces pain and lesion growth.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): Combined with estrogens in menopause to protect the endometrium.

Infertility due to luteal insufficiency.

Recent studies (2024–2025) confirm its efficacy in reducing miscarriage rates in threatened cases, with network meta-analyses showing oral dydrogesterone superior to placebo and sometimes vaginal progesterone in preventing miscarriage.

Efficacy in Pregnancy Support

Extensive data support dydrogesterone's role in miscarriage prevention. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate:

Significant reduction in miscarriage risk for threatened miscarriage (odds ratio ~0.5 vs. placebo).

Comparable or superior outcomes to micronized vaginal progesterone in IVF luteal support, with higher patient satisfaction due to oral route.

In recurrent early pregnancy loss, real-world data from 2025 show low miscarriage rates (7.7%) with extended-release formulations.

A 2025 network meta-analysis reinforced oral dydrogesterone's effectiveness over vaginal forms for first threatened miscarriage.

Side Effects and Tolerability

Common mild side effects include:

Breakthrough bleeding or spotting

Headache, nausea

Breast tenderness

Dizziness (rare)

Oral administration avoids vaginal irritation or discharge associated with progesterone gels/pessaries, improving compliance. Studies consistently report better tolerability than vaginal micronized progesterone.

Safety Profile and Recent Controversies

Dydrogesterone has a long-established safety record, with over 147 million exposures and 20+ million successful pregnancies. Multiple systematic reviews (up to 2024) found no increased risk of congenital anomalies compared to natural progesterone or controls, with anomaly rates around 2.5%.

However, a January 2025 pharmacovigilance analysis of WHO's VigiBase database reported disproportionate signals for birth defects (mainly hypospadias and congenital heart defects) with dydrogesterone versus progesterone or other drugs. This observational study highlighted higher reporting odds ratios (e.g., 5.4 vs. progesterone).

Critics and commentaries (2025) argue this reflects reporting bias, under-reporting of non-events, selection bias (e.g., higher-risk pregnancies), and confounding factors rather than causality. Clinical trials and meta-analyses show no such risk, and experts emphasize pharmacovigilance signals require verification through higher-evidence studies. No regulatory changes have restricted its use as of late 2025, and it remains widely recommended when indicated.

Comparison with Micronized Progesterone

Randomized trials and meta-analyses show:

Equivalent efficacy in pregnancy rates and miscarriage prevention.

Oral dydrogesterone often preferred for convenience and fewer local side effects.

Similar maternal and fetal safety in controlled settings.

Dydrogesterone remains a valuable, patient-friendly option in reproductive medicine, offering effective oral progestogen support with a strong evidence base for efficacy. While 2025 pharmacovigilance data raised questions about fetal safety, these are likely artifactual, as contradicted by robust clinical evidence. Prescribers should weigh benefits against individual risks, under medical supervision. Ongoing research will further clarify its role in modern obstetrics and gynecology.

Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

Published on pharmaservepk by Naeem Mustafa

Mirogabalin: A Promising New Option for Managing Neuropathic Pain

Mirogabalin: A Promising New Option for Managing Neuropathic Pain

By Naeem Mustafa

PharmaServePK 

December 17, 2025

Neuropathic pain affects millions worldwide, often stemming from conditions like diabetes, shingles, or nerve injuries. Characterized by burning, tingling, or shooting sensations, it can significantly impair quality of life. Traditional treatments like pregabalin and gabapentin have been staples, but a newer gabapentinoid, mirogabalin (brand name Tarlige in some markets, and Miro in Pakistan), is gaining attention for its potential advantages.314efb,2940e1,ca47bf.

Mirogabalin: A Promising New Option for Managing Neuropathic Pain

What is Mirogabalin?

Mirogabalin is a novel medication in the gabapentinoid class, developed by Daiichi Sankyo. It works by binding to the α2δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels in the nervous system, reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters involved in pain signaling.

Its chemical structure features a unique bicyclic configuration, allowing for stronger and more selective binding compared to older gabapentinoids.64a964,36d66c

Key advantages include:

Higher affinity for the α2δ-1 subunit (linked to pain relief).

Faster dissociation from the α2δ-2 subunit (associated with fewer CNS side effects like dizziness).

This profile may lead to better efficacy and tolerability.

Approved Uses and Availability

First approved in Japan in 2019 under the brand Tarlige for peripheral neuropathic pain, mirogabalin has since expanded to South Korea, Taiwan, and China (including for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in 2024). In Pakistan, it's available as Miro tablets (e.g., 5mg and 10mg strengths) from local manufacturers like Nabiqasim, commonly used for nerve pain due to diabetic neuropathy or post-herpetic neuralgia.b802fd,2a7948,a6edc8

It's not yet approved in the US or many Western countries, with development for fibromyalgia discontinued earlier.

How Does It Compare to Pregabalin?

Studies show mirogabalin often provides comparable or superior pain relief with potentially fewer side effects:

Stronger, longer-lasting binding leads to sustained analgesia.

Lower incidence of dizziness and somnolence in some trials.

Effective doses are lower (typically 10-30 mg/day vs. higher for pregabalin).

Clinical trials in Asian populations demonstrated significant reductions in pain scores for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Recent 2025 studies continue to explore its use in various neuropathic conditions.

Dosage and Side Effects

Typical starting dose: 5 mg twice daily, titrated up to 15 mg twice daily.

Adjustments are needed for kidney impairment, as it's primarily renally excreted.

Common side effects (usually mild)

Dizziness

Somnolence

Weight gain

Edema

Always consult a healthcare professional before starting or switching medications.

Mirogabalin represents an advancement in neuropathic pain management, particularly for patients in regions like Pakistan where it's readily available. With growing evidence supporting its efficacy and improved tolerability profile, it could become a preferred alternative to pregabalin for many suffering from chronic nerve pain.

If you're dealing with neuropathic pain, discuss mirogabalin with your doctor to see if it might be right for you.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.

Naeem Mustafa

Pharmacist & Blogger, PharmaServePK

The 2025 "Super Flu

The 2025 "Super Flu": A Severe Seasonal Surge Driven by H3N2 Subclade K

December 16, 2025

As winter tightens its grip, hospitals across the UK and parts of Europe are grappling with an unusually early and intense influenza outbreak. Dubbed the "super flu" by media and some health officials, this wave is primarily fueled by a mutated strain of influenza A(H3N2) known as subclade K. While not a novel "superbug" like COVID-19, the strain's genetic drift has led to reduced vaccine match, faster spread, and heightened pressure on healthcare systems.

What Is the "Super Flu"?

The term "super flu" is informal and refers to the severity of this season's outbreak rather than a fundamentally new virus. The dominant strain is influenza A(H3N2) subclade K (previously J.2.4.1), which emerged late in the Southern Hemisphere's 2025 season. It has accumulated mutations—such as T135K, K189R, and others—that allow it to evade some immunity from prior infections or vaccines.

What is "super flu"?

H3N2 strains have circulated since 1968 and often cause tougher seasons, particularly affecting older adults and young children. This year's subclade K has driven record cases in Australia, early epidemics in Japan, and now a sharp Northern Hemisphere surge.

Current Impact: A "Worst-Case Scenario" for the NHS

In the UK, flu hospitalizations have skyrocketed. NHS England reports an average of 2,660 flu patients in hospitals daily as of mid-December 2025—the highest for this time of year on record—with a 55% jump in one week. Officials describe it as an "unprecedented wave," compounded by record A&E demand, norovirus, and upcoming strikes.

Across Europe, activity started 3-4 weeks earlier than usual, with medium-intensity circulation in many countries. Romania, Hungary, and Ireland report sharp rises, while the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) notes subclade K dominating sequences.

In the US, flu activity is rising but remains lower than in Europe, with increasing cases in the Northeast and Southeast. Subclade K is circulating, and the CDC reports the first pediatric flu death of the season. Experts warn of potential severity, though it's too early to predict .

Symptoms and Risks

Symptoms are classic but often more intense:

-Sudden high fever

- Extreme fatigue and body aches

- Dry cough, sore throat, headache

- Sometimes nausea or diarrhea

Complications like pneumonia are more common in vulnerable groups: elderly, young children, pregnant people, and those with chronic conditions.<grok:render card_id="f4bd11" card_type="image_card" type="render_searched_image">

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<argument name="caption">"A person resting in bed while recovering from flu-like symptoms, highlighting the debilitating fatigue common in severe cases."Vaccine Effectiveness and Protection

The 2025-2026 vaccine isn't a perfect match due to subclade K's drift, but it still offers substantial benefits. UK data show:

72-75% effectiveness against hospitalization in children/adolescents

- 32-39% in adults

Experts emphasize it's better than no protection and cross-reacts with related strains. Vaccination uptake is urged now—it can still reduce severity even post-exposure.

Other measures: Hand hygiene, ventilation, masks in crowded spaces, and staying home when ill.

Outlook

This is a challenging but not unprecedented flu season—comparable to bad H3N2 years pre-COVID. Global surveillance shows activity within seasonal norms, though early timing strains resources. With subclade K spreading widely, vigilance is key, but panic isn't warranted.

If symptoms arise, rest, hydrate, and seek care if severe (e.g., breathing difficulties). Eligible individuals should prioritize vaccination to ease the burden this winter.

Understanding Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): A Comprehensive Guide

Understanding Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD): A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction to Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic Heart Disease, commonly abbreviated as IHD, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle is reduced or blocked, primarily due to the narrowing or obstruction of coronary arteries. This condition, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), can lead to serious complications like heart attacks if not managed properly. As a pharmacist, I often counsel patients on lifestyle modifications and medications to prevent and treat IHD, emphasizing the importance of early detection and adherence to therapy.

What Causes Ischemic Heart Disease?

Understanding Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

The primary culprit behind IHD is atherosclerosis, a process where plaque—made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances—builds up inside the arteries. Over time, this plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow. Risk factors accelerating this include high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Genetic predisposition and age also play roles, with men over 45 and women over 55 being at higher risk. Inflammation from conditions like rheumatoid arthritis can further exacerbate arterial damage.

Recognizing the Symptoms of IHD

Symptoms of IHD can vary, but the most common is angina, a chest pain or discomfort that feels like pressure, squeezing, or fullness. This often occurs during physical exertion or stress and may radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, or back. Other signs include shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and in severe cases, sudden cardiac arrest. Silent ischemia, where no symptoms are present, is particularly dangerous in diabetics or the elderly, as it delays diagnosis and treatment.

How Is Ischemic Heart Disease Diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) detect abnormal heart rhythms, while stress tests evaluate heart function under exertion. Imaging techniques like coronary angiography provide detailed views of artery blockages, and blood tests measure cholesterol, troponin (a marker for heart damage), and other indicators. Echocardiograms assess heart structure and function, helping clinicians tailor personalized treatment plans.

Treatment Options for Managing IHD

Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, reduce risk factors, and prevent complications. Lifestyle changes are foundational: adopting a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; regular exercise; smoking cessation; and weight management. Medications play a crucial role—antiplatelet drugs like aspirin prevent clots, statins lower cholesterol, beta-blockers reduce heart workload, and ACE inhibitors manage blood pressure. In advanced cases, procedures such as angioplasty with stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) restore blood flow. As a pharmacist, I recommend monitoring for drug interactions and side effects to ensure optimal outcomes.

Prevention Strategies to Combat IHD

Preventing IHD involves proactive measures. Regular health screenings for blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar are essential. Incorporating at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity weekly, maintaining a balanced diet low in saturated fats and sugars, and managing stress through techniques like meditation can significantly lower risk. Vaccinations against flu and pneumonia are advised for those with IHD, as infections can strain the heart. Community education on these strategies is vital, especially in regions like Pakistan where lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise.

Living with Ischemic Heart Disease: Long-Term Outlook

With proper management, many individuals with IHD lead fulfilling lives. Cardiac rehabilitation programs combining exercise, education, and counseling improve recovery post-events like heart attacks. Ongoing follow-up with healthcare providers ensures adjustments to treatment as needed. Research into novel therapies, such as gene editing and advanced biologics, offers hope for future breakthroughs.

Ischemic Heart Disease is a preventable and manageable condition through awareness, lifestyle changes, and medical intervention. If you experience any symptoms, consult a healthcare professional promptly—early action can save lives.

Author: Naeem Mustafa, Pharmacist 

Daily Food Supplement Needs for Optimal Health

Daily Food Supplement Needs for Optimal Health

Discover the essential daily food supplements your body needs for better health, including vitamins, minerals, and more. Learn how to meet your nutritional requirements safely on PharmaServePK.

Daily Food Supplement Needs for Optimal Health

Introduction

In today's fast-paced world, maintaining optimal health can be challenging due to busy lifestyles, processed foods, and environmental factors. While a balanced diet should be the primary source of nutrients, food supplements can bridge nutritional gaps and support overall well-being. On PharmaServePK, we believe in empowering you with knowledge to make informed choices about your health. This article explores the daily needs for key food supplements, their benefits, and how to incorporate them wisely. Remember, supplements are not a substitute for a healthy diet—always consult a healthcare professional before starting any regimen.

Understanding Food Supplements

Food supplements, also known as dietary supplements, include vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, and enzymes designed to supplement your diet. They come in forms like tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids. The daily needs vary based on age, gender, lifestyle, and health conditions. According to global health guidelines from organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), recommended daily allowances (RDAs) help determine these needs.

Key Vitamins and Their Daily Needs

Vitamins are essential organic compounds that your body needs in small amounts for proper functioning. Here's a breakdown of some vital ones:

Vitamin D (The Sunshine Vitamin): Crucial for bone health, immune function, and mood regulation. Daily need: 600-800 IU (15-20 mcg) for adults. Many people are deficient due to limited sun exposure, especially in urban areas like Pakistan. Supplements are recommended for those with low levels, but over-supplementation can lead to toxicity.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Supports immune health, skin repair, and antioxidant protection. Daily need: 75-90 mg for adults (higher for smokers). Found in citrus fruits, but supplements can help during cold seasons or stress.

Vitamin B Complex: Includes B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and others for energy production, nerve function, and red blood cell formation. Daily needs vary: e.g., B12 at 2.4 mcg. Vegetarians and older adults often need B12 supplements.

Vitamin A: Essential for vision, immune function, and skin health. Daily need: 700-900 mcg. Beta-carotene forms are safer in supplements to avoid overdose.

Vitamin E: An antioxidant that protects cells from damage. Daily need: 15 mg. Useful for skin health and heart protection.

Essential Minerals for Daily Health

Minerals are inorganic elements vital for bodily processes. They support everything from bone strength to enzyme function.

Calcium: Key for bones and teeth. Daily need: 1,000-1,200 mg for adults. Paired with Vitamin D for better absorption, it's especially important for women post-menopause to prevent osteoporosis.

Magnesium: Involved in over 300 biochemical reactions, including muscle function and energy production. Daily need: 310-420 mg. Supplements can aid sleep and reduce stress.

Iron: Critical for oxygen transport in blood. Daily need: 8-18 mg (higher for menstruating women). Iron deficiency is common in Pakistan due to dietary habits; supplements should be taken with Vitamin C for absorption.

Zinc: Boosts immunity, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. Daily need: 8-11 mg. Important during infections or for vegetarians.

Potassium: Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. Daily need: 2,500-3,400 mg. Supplements are less common but useful for those on certain medications.

Other Important Supplements

Beyond vitamins and minerals, consider these based on specific needs:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: From fish oil or algae, they support heart health and reduce inflammation. Daily need: 250-500 mg of EPA/DHA.

Probiotics: For gut health, aiding digestion and immunity. Look for strains like Lactobacillus with at least 1-10 billion CFUs daily.

Antioxidants like CoQ10: For cellular energy and heart health, especially for those on statins. Daily need: 100-200 mg.

Factors Influencing Daily Supplement Needs

Your requirements aren't one-size-fits-all. Consider:

Age and Gender: Children, pregnant women, and seniors have higher needs for certain nutrients.

Lifestyle: Athletes may need more protein or electrolytes; office workers might benefit from Vitamin D.

Health Conditions: Conditions like diabetes or thyroid issues can alter needs.

Dietary Restrictions: Vegans often require B12, iron, and omega-3s from plant sources.

In Pakistan, factors like pollution, heat, and common diets low in fresh produce can increase the necessity for supplements. Always choose reputable brands available on PharmaServePK to ensure quality and purity.

Safety and Best Practices

While supplements can enhance health, they're not without risks. Overdosing on fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) can cause toxicity. Interactions with medications are possible—e.g., calcium can interfere with antibiotics. Start with low doses, monitor your body's response, and get blood tests periodically. The Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) advises professional guidance.

Naeem Mustafa 

Pharmacist 

Infectious Disease Outbreaks and Pandemic Preparedness

Infectious Disease Outbreaks and Pandemic Preparedness: A Pharmacist’s Perspective from Pakistan

By Naeem Mustafa, Pharmacist PharmaservePK | December 10, 2025

Infectious Disease Outbreaks and Pandemic Preparedness: 

As a community and hospital pharmacist in Pakistan, I have lived through the chaos of the COVID-19 pandemic firsthand: patients begging for remdesivir and tocilizumab on the black market, oxygen cylinders disappearing overnight, and parents terrified that routine childhood vaccines had run out. We pharmacists became the most accessible (and often the only) healthcare professionals for millions of frightened citizens.

Five years after the first case was reported in Pakistan, new threats — H5N1 bird flu with human cases, mpox clade Ib, Oropouche fever — are already knocking at the door. The next outbreak is not a question of “if” but “when.”  

This article is written from the counter and the ward — practical lessons and actionable recommendations that pharmacists, regulators, manufacturers, and the government must implement today, while we still have time.

1. Pharmacists: The First and Last Line of Defense

During COVID-19, pharmacies remained open while many clinics closed. We counselled, triaged, dispensed, and calmed panicked families 16–18 hours a day.

Yet we were never formally part of the national response.

What must change:

Include registered pharmacists in the National and Provincial Emergency Operations Centres as permanent members.

Train at least 50,000 pharmacists (community + hospital) in infectious-disease triage and outbreak pharmacovigilance through the Pharmacy Councils and HEC-recognized continuing education programs.

Give legal protection and indemnity coverage to pharmacists who follow approved emergency dispensing protocols.

2. Medicine Availability: We Cannot Repeat 2020–2022 Shortages

Paracetamol, azithromycin, ivermectin, vitamins — everything vanished because of panic buying and export bans by India and China (our main API suppliers).

Pharmacist-led solutions:

DRAP must create an Essential Medicines Buffer Stock managed jointly with Pakistan Pharmacists Association and PPMA — minimum 4–6 months for 100 critical molecules.

Allow emergency parallel importation with 72-hour fast-track licensing during declared public health emergencies.

Incentivize local manufacturers (Getz, Hilton, Sami, AGP, Ferozsons) with 5–10 year tax holidays if they set up API or mRNA/lipid nanoparticle plants now.

3. Vaccine Confidence Starts at the Pharmacy Counter

In 2021–2023, many hesitant patients asked me — not doctors — whether the COVID vaccine causes infertility or contains microchips. We pharmacists can be the most trusted voice if we are equipped.

Immediate actions:

Integrate pharmacists into the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) — authorize us to administer vaccines (as already done in 70+ countries).

Launch a nationwide “Ask Your Pharmacist” campaign in collaboration with PSK, PPA, and DRAP.

Provide every registered pharmacy with verified WHO/DRAP fact sheets in Urdu, Pashto, Sindhi, and Punjabi.

4. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The Silent Pandemic We Ignored

While fighting COVID, we over-prescribed azithromycin and meropenem. Pakistan already has one of the highest rates of carbapenem resistance in the world.

The next outbreak (bacterial superbug, fungal, or viral+bacterial co-infection) could be far deadlier if antibiotics stop working.

Pharmacists’ role:

Enforce the DRAP antibiotic sale regulations strictly — no sale without prescription, with real-time digital logging.

Run community-level Antibiotic Smart Use programs in collaboration with infectious-disease physicians.

Stock and promote WHO AWaRe “Access” group antibiotics over “Reserve” group wherever possible.

5. Oxygen and Critical Care Medicines: 

A National Emergency Stockpile

In 2021, patients died outside hospitals because liquid oxygen plants were only in four cities. Pharmacies were asked to “arrange” high-flow nasal oxygen — an impossible request.

What we need today:

Install medical-grade PSA oxygen plants in all 150+ district headquarters hospitals and major trust hospitals (current: <30 functional).

Maintain a 60-day national reserve of oxygen concentrators, BiPAP machines, and critical-care drugs (midazolam, propofol, atracurium, favipiravir, etc.).

Pre-position these items in provincial drug warehouses under pharmacist supervision.

6. Digital Pharmacy and Real-Time Monitoring

During the pandemic, we had no idea which medicine was short in which city until patients started fighting at counters.

Time to implement:

Mandatory integration of all wholesale and retail pharmacies with DRAP’s online Drug Sale License & Monitoring System by 2026.

Create a public dashboard showing real-time stock levels of 100 essential and emergency medicines — just like India’s CoWIN for vaccines.

Final Word from a Pharmacist

We do not need another commission or policy document that gathers dust. We need action today — when hospitals are quiet and supply chains are flowing.

As pharmacists, we are ready to do our part: counsel, dispense, vaccinate, monitor, and protect. But we need the government, regulators, and industry to trust us, train us, and resource us.

The next pandemic will not send a warning SMS. Let us prepare while we still can.

Naeem Mustafa  

Registered Pharmacist (Pharm-D, RPh)  

Founder – PharmaservePK  

Serving Health, Serving Pakistan

Ebola Virus Disease

 

Ebola Virus Disease: Understanding the Threat and the Path to Prevention

By Naeem Mustafa, Pharmacist & Author – PharmaServePK

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) remains one of the most feared viral infections in the world due to its high fatality rate, rapid spread, and devastating impact on affected communities. Although outbreaks are mostly confined to parts of Africa, the interconnected nature of today’s world means that awareness, preparedness, and accurate information are essential for everyone. This article explores what Ebola virus is, how it spreads, its symptoms, treatment options, and the global efforts to control it.

Ebola Virus Disease

What Is Ebola Virus Disease?

Ebola Virus Disease is a severe, often fatal illness caused by infection with viruses of the Ebolavirus genus. The disease was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, multiple outbreaks have been documented, some of which have caused significant loss of life—particularly the 2014–2016 West Africa outbreak, considered the largest in history.

Ebola is a Zoonotic virus, meaning it is transmitted from animals to humans. Fruit bats are believed to be the natural hosts, while humans become infected through direct contact with infected animals or humans.

How Does Ebola Spread?

Ebola spreads through Direct contact with infected bodily fluids such as:

Blood

Saliva

Sweat

Vomit

Feces

Breast milk

Semen

It does not spread through the air like influenza. However, it can spread rapidly in communities with limited healthcare infrastructure, poor sanitation, or insufficient awareness. Contaminated surfaces and needles can also transmit the virus.

Healthcare workers are especially at risk if proper protective equipment (PPE) is not used.

Early Signs and Symptoms

Ebola symptoms can appear *2 to 21 days* after exposure. The early phase resembles common illnesses, which makes early detection challenging.

Early symptoms include:

 Fever

Fatigue

Muscle and joint pain

Sore throat

Headache

Advanced symptoms may include:

Vomiting and diarrhea

Rash

Impaired kidney and liver function

Internal and external bleeding

Severe dehydration

Because of its severity and rapid progression, Ebola requires urgent medical care once symptoms appear.

Ebola Virus Disease

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis

Ebola is diagnosed through specialized laboratory tests such as:

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Antigen detection

Antibody tests

These tests are typically performed in well-equipped labs due to the hazardous nature of the virus.

Treatment

There is no single cure for Ebola, but several medical strategies significantly increase survival chances:

Supportive care, including rehydration, oxygen therapy, and maintaining blood pressure

Antiviral medications such as Inmazeb and Ebanga, which have shown effectiveness in reducing mortality

Plasma therapies, where antibodies from survivors are used to help patients fight the virus

Early intervention remains the key to saving lives.

Prevention: The Best Defense Against Ebola

Preventing Ebola relies heavily on public health measures and personal awareness. Key prevention strategies include:

1. Safe Handling of Animals

Avoiding contact with bats and non-human primates reduces the risk of initial transmission.

2. Good Hygiene Practices

Frequent handwashing, especially when living in or traveling to outbreak-prone regions.

3. Use of Protective Equipment

Healthcare workers must use appropriate PPE as their risk is significantly higher.

4. Safe Burial Practices

Handling of bodies of infected individuals must follow strict safety protocols because the virus remains highly infectious after death.

5. Vaccination

The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine has been used successfully in outbreak regions, providing strong protection for frontline workers and at-risk populations.

Ebola and Global Health Preparedness

Ebola outbreaks highlight the importance of global health surveillance, rapid response systems, and strong healthcare infrastructure. Countries must remain vigilant, invest in healthcare training, and strengthen laboratory capabilities to detect and control infectious diseases.

Public education is equally important—understanding how diseases spread empowers communities to protect themselves and break the chain of infection.

Ebola Virus Disease is a reminder of how serious infectious outbreaks can be and how essential it is to stay informed. Although Ebola is not a global pandemic threat at present, the lessons learned from past outbreaks guide us toward a safer and more prepared future.

Through awareness, early detection, responsible healthcare practices, and continued research, we can prevent widespread outbreaks and safeguard communities worldwide.

Written by: *Naeem Mustafa*

Pharmacist & Author – PharmaServePK